Vascular injury: Rare, but more likely in the presence of a fracture-dislocation.More likely in the presence of a fracture-dislocation. Nerve injury: Common injuries are direct injuries to the brachial plexus or traction injuries to the axillary nerve.Low-energy trauma (e.g., a fall from a standing position or a direct blow to the shoulder)Īssociated conditions.High-level energy trauma (e.g., sports injuries and motor vehicle accidents).Apart from bone fragility, caused by osteopenia or osteoporosis, commonly reported risk factors include those related to increased risk of falls, such as low level of physical activity, impaired balance, or lower limb pain or injury. The risk of PHF increases with age and is most prevalent in osteoporotic elderly women. A study showed that overall age-standardised incidence rates for PHFs in men and women were 40.6 (95% CI 32.7, 48.5) and 73.2 (95% CI 62.2, 84.1) per 100,000 person-years, respectively, in South-Eastern Australia. In the US, about 370,000 ED visits due to humerus fractures, and PHFs were the most common, accounting for 50% of humerus fractures in 2008. PHFs account for approximately 5.7% of fractures in adults, and increase in incidence with ageing and are one of the most common fractures among people aged over 65 years old. PHFs are the third most common fracture in the elderly, after proximal femur and distal radius fractures, and represent 10% of all fractures. Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process Epidemiology Muscles: The intrinsic muscles of the shoulder which connect the scapula and/or clavicle to the humerus include: Intertubercular groove: a narrow groove between the greater tuberosity and the lesser tuberosity.įunction: serves as an attachment to 13 muscles which contribute to the movement of the hand and elbow, and therefore the function of the upper limb.Surgical neck: Located between the tuberosities and the shaft.Anatomic neck: Located between the head and the tuberosities.
Lesser tuberosity: Located inferior to the head, on the anterior part of the humerus.Greater tuberosity: Located lateral to the head at the proximal end.It articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula. Humeral head: The proximal articular surface of the upper extremity.
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